What is the difference between surface and subsurface irrigation?

The correct choice highlights a fundamental distinction between surface and subsurface irrigation methods. Surface irrigation involves distributing water over the soil surface, which allows it to infiltrate into the soil and reach the root zone of the plants. This method can include techniques such as flooding, furrow, or basin irrigation, where the water is visible and flows over the terrain.

On the other hand, subsurface irrigation involves placing water delivery systems, such as pipes or tubes, below the soil surface. This method delivers water directly to the root zone through a network of buried pipes, minimizing evaporation and runoff while allowing for efficient water usage.

Understanding the mechanics of these approaches is crucial in irrigation planning, as each method has unique advantages and applications based on factors like crop type, soil characteristics, and environmental conditions. Surface irrigation can be more prone to evaporation losses, whereas subsurface irrigation can help conserve water, making the first choice a clear representation of their primary operational differences.