What is the impact of over-irrigation?

Over-irrigation has significant negative effects on soil health and crop growth, with one of the primary concerns being waterlogging and the potential for increased salinity. When fields are over-irrigated, excess water can saturate the soil, creating waterlogged conditions. This leads to a lack of oxygen in the root zone, making it difficult for plants to absorb nutrients and affecting their growth negatively.

Additionally, waterlogging can cause salts in the soil to rise to the surface, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. As the water evaporates, it leaves behind a higher concentration of salts, which can lead to increased salinity levels in the soil. High salinity is detrimental to most crops as it can inhibit plant growth, reduce crop yields, and even render the soil unsuitable for cultivation over time.

In contrast to the other options, over-irrigation does not enhance crop yields or prevent soil erosion; instead, it typically results in detrimental conditions that can harm agricultural productivity and soil health.